Almathera Ten Pack 3: CDPD 3/Almathera Ten on Ten - Disc 3: CDPD3.iso/ab20/ab20_archive/languages/assembly/powervisor_113.lzh/docs/Expressions

Text File | 1992-01-27 | 25KB | 795 lines

*------------------------*
* Tutorial : expressions * Mon Jan 27 20:18:01 1992
*------------------------*


===================== Commands used in this tutorial =========================

   disp        Display integer
   exec        Go to the ExecBase list
   help        Ask for help
   list        Show a list (tasks, libraries, message ports, ...)
   loadfd      Load a fd file
   memory      List memory
   print       Print a string
   remvar      Remove a variable
   scan        Ask input
   task        Go to the task list
   void        Evaluate the arguments given


===================== Functions used in this tutorial ========================

   alloc       Allocate memory
   cols        Ask the number of columns in logical window
   eval        Evaluate string
   free        Free memory
   if          Conditional evaluation
   lines       Ask the number of rows in logical window


============================== Introduction ==================================

PowerVisor has a very powerful expression evaluator. Before you continue
reading this file make sure you have mastered the basic features of
PowerVisor (read the file 'GettingStarted' first).

First start PowerVisor (if it is not already in memory).

PowerVisor has two basic types: ¹strings and ¹integers. Sometimes these two
types collide a bit. In this tutor file I will make you more comfortable
with all the features PowerVisor has in this regard.

All commands and functions in PowerVisor expect integers and/or strings
as their arguments. You can use expressions everywhere.


============================= Simple integers ================================

First we have ²decimal integers :

< disp 5 <enter>
> 00000005 , 5

< disp 1236 <enter>
> 000004D4 , 1236

< disp -100 <enter>
> FFFFFF9C , -100

But not (can you see why ?) :

< disp 01236 <enter>
> 00001236 , 4662

This last notation is used for ²²hexadecimal numbers :

< disp 01A <enter>
> 0000001A , 26

< disp $1a <enter>
> 0000001A , 26

You can see that PowerVisor has two ways to notate a hexadecimal number.
PowerVisor interpretes '0<number>' as a hexadecimal number because this is
very convenient if you 'snap' a hex number from the PowerVisor screen. Such
a number almost always contains some leading zeroes.

Note that in the current version of PowerVisor the following command :

< disp 1A <enter>

does not give an error :

> 00000001 , 1

This is in fact a bug and it will be solved in a later version of PowerVisor.


=============================== Expressions ==================================

You can use more complex ¹expressions :

< disp 5+5 <enter>
> 0000000A , 10

< disp 1+(5*9)-(3&5) <enter>
> 0000002D , 45

Note that you cannot use spaces in expressions.

You can use the following binary operators. The list is from high to
low priority :

  * / %       ¹¹multiply, ²²integer divide, ¹¹remainder
  + -         ¹¹add, ¹¹subtract
  << >>       ²²left shift, ²²right shift
  > < >= <=   ²²integer comparisons
  != ==       ³³not equal to, ²²equal to
  &           ²²bitwise and
  ^           ²²bitwise xor
  |           ²²bitwise or
  &&          ²²logical and
  ||          ²²logical or

There are also some ²²unary operators :
  -           ¹¹negation
  !           ²²logical not
  ~           ²²bitwise not
  *           ²²contents operator
  &           ²²address operator (explained later)

You can also use brackets.
Some examples :

< disp 5+(9-(7*(5/(3+~1)))) <enter>
> FFFFFFEB , -21

Note that you MUST close all brackets.

The contents operator needs some more examples :

< disp *4 <enter>
> 07E007E4 , 132122596

(This is the pointer to execbase)

< disp *4.b <enter>
> 00000007 , 7

< disp *4.w <enter>
> 000007E0 , 2016

< disp *(2+2).l <enter>
> 07E007E4 , 132122596

The syntax of the * operator is:
   '*'<expression>['.' ('b' | 'w' | 'l') ]
'b', 'w' and 'l' are the size indicators (b = byte, w = word, l = long).
If you do not specify '.', PowerVisor assumes long mode. This operator checks
for illegal addresses :

< disp *5 <enter>
> Odd address error !

On the ¹68000 processor you cannot read a long at an ²odd address.
PowerVisor will always give this error even if you have a ¹68020/68030
processor.


============================= String pointers ================================

A ²²string pointer is NOT a string, it is an integer. When you use a string
pointer, PowerVisor will allocate a temporary space for this string and
give you the address.

String pointers (and strings for that matter) support the following
operators :
   \           the quote operator
                     \<hex digit><hex digit>
                        is replaced by the ascii character
                     \(<expression>)
                        is replaced by the string representation
                        of the <expression>
                     \(<expression>,<formatstring>)
                        is replaced by <expression> formatted like
                        <formatstring>. <formatstring> is a C-style
                        (printf) formatting string. Use %ld for
                        integers, %lx for hexadecimal integers, %s
                        for strings and %c for characters
   ·           the 'strong quote' operator
                     ·<end char> various characters of all sorts <end char>
                        To type the dot use <alt>+8. Most users will
                        probably never need this operator. It is useful
                        in aliases if you want to take away ALL special
                        interpretations of characters. The ONLY thing
                        that will stop the parsing of the string is the
                        <end char>.
                        The 'salias' alias is an example of an alias
                        using the strong quote (see the 'Aliases' reference
                        file).


Example :

< disp "Hello" <enter>
> 07E50E52 , 132451922

< memory 07E50E52 10 <enter>
> 07E50E52: 68656C6C 6F0007E2 1010                           Hello.....

PowerVisor remembers the last 10 strings and string pointers (all in one
pool) before it frees them. This means that you can only use 10 string
pointers in one command at the same time.
If you want a permanent string pointer you can use the 'alloc' function.


The next example illustrates the use of the ²contents operator (*) and
a string pointer :

< disp *("Hello"+1).b <enter>
> 00000065 , 101

(101 is the ascii value for 'e').

Look at the following example :

< memory "Left\41\42\43Right" 16 <enter>
> 07EC98A2: 4C656674 41424352 69676874 000007EC              LeftABCRight....

The '\' notation is useful for ²unprintable characters (and untypable).
After the '\' follow two hexadecimal digits. If the first character following
the '\' is not a hexadecimal digit the first '\' is ignored :

< memory "Left\\Right" 10 <enter>
> 07E5C0BA: 4C656674 5C526967 6874                           Left\Right

< memory "Left\"Right" 10 <enter>
> 07E5C0BA: 4C656674 22526967 6874                           Left"Right


There is one extra feature that you have with quoting. Consider the
following example :

< memory "Left\(4+5)Right" 16 <enter>
> 07E31A72: 4C656674 39526967 68740000 00000000              Left9Right......

The expression between the two brackets can be as complex as you wish.
You can use variables, functions, ...
You can use an optional ²format string directly after the expression (include
some white space of course). Use standard ¹C-formatting conventions :

< memory "Left(4+5,%02ld)Right" 16 <enter>
> 07E31A72: 4C656674 30395269 67687400 00000000              Left09Right.....

< memory "Left(65,%lc)Right" 16 <enter>
> 07E31A72: 4C656674 41526967 68740000 00000000              LeftARight......


================================== Names =====================================

¹¹Names are probably the most difficult things in the PowerVisor parsing
language. They can be almost everything. I think examples are the best
way to illustrate their purpose :

< task <enter>
< list <enter>

> Task node name      : Node     Pri StackPtr  StackS Stat Command        Acc
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
> RAM                 : 07E25260 00  07E2554E    1200 Rdy             PROC -
> Background Process  : 07E26BA8 00  07E2CBD8    4000 Wait iprefs     (02) -
> RexxMaster          : 07E39BA8 04  07E3A3EA    2048 Wait            (00) -
> SYS:System/CLI      : 07E529C0 00  07E538CA    4096 Wait            (00) -
> ramlib              : 07E1F680 00  07E1FE80    2048 Wait            PROC -
> CON                 : 07E56A20 05  07E57522    3200 Wait            PROC -
> Background CLI      : 07E65518 00  07E65F66    3200 Wait            (01) -
> console.device      : 07E0E1A2 00  07E0F1A4    4096 Wait            TASK -
> PowerSnap 1.0 by Nic: 07E48450 05  07E48C9A    2000 Wait            PROC -
> WB_2.x              : 07E11488 0A  07E11E4E    2400 Wait            PROC -
> DF0                 : 07E17208 0A  07E17BCE    2400 Wait            PROC -
> Workbench           : 07E54930 01  07E56956    8192 Wait            (05) -
> PowerVisor1.0.task  : 07E7CBE0 00  07E7D096    1024 Wait            TASK -
> SCSI bus handler    : 07E0AFD0 0C  07E0B3B6    1000 Wait            TASK -
> scsi.device         : 07E0A3F8 0B  07E0A396    1000 Wait            TASK -
> trackdisk.device    : 07E0F988 05  07E0FB96     512 Wait            TASK -
> Work                : 07E19940 0A  07E1A306    2400 Wait            PROC -
> Background Process  : 07E3B4A0 00  07E52354    4000 Wait clock      (03) -
> input.device        : 07E08AF2 14  07E09AF8    4096 Wait            TASK -
> Background Process  : 07E7B418 04  07E8E386    4000 Run  pv         (04) -

< disp powervisor <enter>
> 07E7CBE0 , 132631520

In this case we used a name ('powervisor') as an ¹abbreviation for an element
in the ²current list. We could also have written :

< disp POWERvi <enter>

or

< disp 'Powervisor1' <enter>

or

< disp power <enter>

The last command is correct but it is ambiguous in this case since there are
two names in the current list beginning with 'power'. When this is the case
the first match is used (PowerSnap 1.0 in this case).

Important to remember is that when we use names for this purpose the
following rules apply :

  - you may use quotes (if you want to include spaces for example)
  - the searching is case insensitive
  - you can use abbreviations, i.e. you need not give the full name

Consider the following example :

< powervisor=5 <enter>

< disp powervisor <enter>
> 00000005 , 5

< disp 'powervisor' <enter>
> 07E7CBE0 , 132631520

< disp powerviso <enter>
> 07E7CBE0 , 132631520

< disp powervisor1 <enter>
> 07E7CBE0 , 132631520

We have created a ¹¹variable 'powervisor' with value 5. The name 'powervisor'
has now lost it's meaning as an abbreviation for an element in the current
list. Note that we can still use 'powerviso' and 'powervisor1' for the
element in the current list.
So we see that the following rules apply for variables :

  - you can't use quotes for variable names (if you do it is interpreted
    as an element in the current list)
  - variable names can't be abbreviated
  - variable names are case insensitive

When you use quotes you ²force interpretation of the ²current list. There
is a shorter and better way to do this (also see the 'List operator'
section) :

< disp :powervisor <enter>
> 07E7CBE0 , 132631520

Now we remove the created variable :

< remvar powervisor <enter>

There is still a third way to interprete names. But it is at this moment
not appropriate to give examples. A name can also be a ¹symbol
for the ³current debug task (see debugging). The rules for symbol names
are :

  - you can use quotes
  - symbol names are case sensitive
  - no abbreviations are possible

In case of ambiguity observe the following order of checking :

  - PowerVisor will first check if it is a variable
  - If it is not a variable it could be a symbol for the current debug task
  - If it is not a symbol PowerVisor will search the current list

If you use quotes for the name, PowerVisor will skip the variable testing
and only test if it is a symbol or a list element. If you use the ':'
operator (see above) PowerVisor will only search the current list.


Warning ! A name is strictly a sequence of characters. If you want to
use special operators like the quote operator you should normally use
strings (with single quotes). In most cases PowerVisor will not complain
when you use a quote operator or something else in a name, but remember
that the result is not always satisfactory. Problems can occur when
you use the name in complex expressions containing functions and groups.
If you use the quote operator in that case, the chances are high that
PowerVisor will get confused. You can get a error message like :
   'Your brackets are really out of order !'
even if your brackets may seem allright to you.

The following is an illegal example :

< a=alloc(s,' testing ') <enter>

< d if(1,{print test\(a,%s)it\0a},2) <enter>
> Your brackets are really out of order !

You should type :

< d if(1,{print 'test\(a,%s)it\0a'},2) <enter>
> test testing it
> 07EECDA8 , 133090728


================================ Functions ===================================

¹¹Functions are a special form of ¹variables. Internally they are almost the
same. Type :

< help functions <enter>

> General functions
> -----------------
> ALLOC      : allocate memory          LASTMEM    : give last memory
> FREE       : free memory              LASTFOUND  : last search address
> REALLOC    : reallocate memory        PEEK       : peek value in structure
> GETSIZE    : give size of memoryblock APEEK      : peek address
> ISALLOC    : is memory a pv-block ?   STSIZE     : get structure size
> KEY        : returns pressed key      RFCMD      : refresh command
> QUAL       : qualifier for last key   RFRATE     : refresh rate
> GETCOL     : get logical col width    GETLWIN    : current logical window
> GETROW     : get logical row height   GETERROR   : get error of routine
> TOPPC      : get debug win top pc     TAGLIST    : get current tag list
> BOTPC      : get debug win bottom pc  EVAL       : evaluate argument string
> ISBREAK    : check if breakpoint      IF         : conditional evaluation
> GETDEBUG   : get current debug ptr    CURLIST    : current list
> GETX       : get the current x coord  COLS       : get max nr of cols
> GETY       : get y coord              LINES      : get max nr lines
> GETCHAR    : get the current char     BASE       : get first listelem

Since functions are so much like variables the same evaluation rules apply
to them (see the previous section: 'names'). You must use the full name
(no abbreviations). The only exception is that you must use brackets after
the function name even if there are no arguments.

Some examples :

< disp lines(main)
> 00000035 , 53

This means that I have 53 lines on my PowerVisor screen.
(See the 'screen' manual for more complete information about this function).
'main' is the argument for the function.

The following is incorrect (There is a space between 'lines' and '(main)') :

< disp lines (main)
> You must use brackets with functions !


============================ Library functions ===============================

PowerVisor has the very powerful capability to execute ²library functions.
You only need to load the corresponding ¹fd-file (in the fd2.0 or fd1.3
subdirectory) :

< loadfd exec :fd2.0/exec_lib.fd <enter>

or

< loadfd libs:exec :fd2.0/exec_lib.fd <enter>

> New functions: 0000007E,126

PowerVisor will then know how to call all functions from the exec library.

You can now use all the exec library functions as if they were normal
PowerVisor functions :

< disp typeofmem(100000) <enter>
> 00000303 , 771

< disp openlibrary("exec.library",0) <enter>
> 07E007E4 , 132122596

The following rules for ²²library functions apply :

  - you MUST use brackets even if there are no arguments (like functions)
  - you MUST close the brackets for the library function arguments. This
    means that if you use an expression as an argument you must close the
    brackets for this expression as well
  - you cannot use abbreviations for library functions
  - library function names are case insensitive
  - you cannot use quotes


============================ The list operator ===============================

Example :

< exec <enter>
< list <enter>

> SoftVer      : 00CF     | LowMemChkSum : 0000     | ChkBase      : F81FF81B
> ColdCapture  : 00000000 | CoolCapture  : 00000000 | WarmCapture  : 00000000
> SysStkUpper  : 07E02248 | SysStkLower  : 07E00A48 | MaxLocMem    : 00200000
> DebugEntry   : 00F82E28 | DebugData    : 00000000 | AlertData    : 00000000
> MaxExtMem    : 00000000 | ChkSum       : A366     | ThisTask     : 07E7B418
> IdleCount    : 000CC6E6 | DispCount    : 0005444A | Quantum      : 0004
> Elapsed      : 0004     | SysFlags     : 0000     | IDNestCnt    : FF
> TDNestCnt    : F4       | AttnFlags    : 0017     | AttnResched  : 0000
> ResModules   : 07E00428 | TaskTrapCode : 07E80AE6 | TaskExceptCod: 00F83A9C
> TaskExitCode : 00F823D0 | TaskSigAlloc : 0000FFFF | TaskTrapAlloc: 8000
> VBlankFreq   : 32       | PowerSupplyFr: 32       | KickTagPtr   : 00000000
> KickCheckSum : 00000000 | RamLibPrivate: 07E1F470 | EClockFreq   : 000AD303
> CacheCtrl    : 00002919 | TaskID       : 00000001 | PuddleSize   : 00000000
> MMULock      : 00000000 |

We are now in the execbase ²structure list.

< disp quantum <enter>
> 00000004 , 4

The same rules apply as for normal list element searching (see the 'Names'
section).

If there are possible ambiguities you can use the ':' operator.

< disp :quantum <enter>
> 00000004 , 4

If you want to change the quantum variable you can use the '&' operator
(This operator is only supported for lists of this type (exec, graf, intb,
...)) :

< disp &exec:quantum <enter>
> 07E00904 , 132122884

This operator returns the address of the quantum variable in the exec base
list.

You can now use this address to change the variable (also see the 'Assignment'
section) :

< *&exec:quantum.w=16 <enter>

You can also use the list name before the operator (useful if you are in
another current list) :

< d exec:quantum <enter>
> 00000004 , 4


=============================== Assignment ===================================

We have already used ¹¹assignment a few times. We used it to assign a value
to a ¹variable, and we used it (in the previous section) to assign a value
to a memory location. Here are some more examples :

< a=4 <enter>
< b=5 <enter>
< disp a+b <enter>
> 00000009 , 9

< var100=100 <enter>
< var100=var100+var100 <enter>
< disp var100+var100 <enter>
> 00000190 , 400

In this form we use assignment to assign a value to a variable.

Do not put spaces arround the '=' operator. Otherwise PowerVisor will
try to execute the variable as a command and the '=' as an argument.

One more example :

< mem=alloc(n,100) <enter>
< *mem=$11111111 <enter>
< *(mem+4).w=$2222 <enter>
< *(mem+6).b=$33 <enter>

< memory mem 16 <enter>
> 07E7761A: 11111111  22223300  00000000  00000000           ....""3.........

< void free(mem) <enter>

With the 'alloc' function we allocated 100 bytes of memory. (The 'n' argument
means the next argument is a number (see the 'alloc' function for more
details). Then we fill this memory with some values. With the 'memory'
command we display them.
After that we use the 'free' function to free our ²allocated memory. Note
that PowerVisor will automatically ²free memory allocated with 'alloc' when
PowerVisor quits.


=========================== The group operator ===============================

Sometimes it is conveniant to ³group several commands together. You can do
just this with the ²²group operator. You can use the group operator in two
different ways. As a command or as a function. Here are some examples :

Using the group operator as a command :

< {disp 3;disp 5;disp 7} <enter>
> 00000003 , 3
> 00000005 , 5
> 00000007 , 7

< {{disp 1;{{disp 2};disp 3};disp 4};disp 5} <enter>
> 00000001 , 1
> 00000002 , 2
> 00000003 , 3
> 00000004 , 4
> 00000005 , 5

< {a=2;b=3;disp a*b} <enter>
> 00000006 , 6

You can see that the sole purpose of this operator is to allow you to
give more than one command on the commandline. This can be very useful
when some command expects another command as an argument (see the
'refresh' command).

You can also use the group operator as a function :

< disp {a=4}*2 <enter>
> 00000008 , 8

This command will first assign 4 to 'a' and then execute 'disp 4*2'.

< disp {a=4;temp=a*7;void temp+temp*(temp/4)} <enter>
> 000000E0 , 224

The 'void' command simply evaluates all it's arguments. It does not
display anything.

< disp {disp 1}+2 <enter>
> 00000001 , 1
> 00000003 , 3

When the group operator is used as a function, it is the last executed
command in this group that determines the ²return value. The return value
is different for each command. Look at the command reference for more
details.


================================= Strings ====================================

All previous sections covered integers. PowerVisor also uses ¹¹strings. A
string is very easy. When a command expects a string, almost everything
is correct. Some examples :

< print Hello <enter>
> Hello

< print Hello\0a <enter>
> Hello

Notice the difference between these two commands. If you do not explicitely
ask for a <enter> at the end of the line you will not get one. '\0a' is the
linefeed character.

< print 'Hello\0a' <enter>
> Hello

< print 5+6 <enter>
> 5+6

< print Complete rubbish <enter>
> Complete

< print 'Complete rubbish' <enter>
> Complete rubbish

< print 'Complete rubbish <enter>
> Complete rubbish

< print "Complete rubbish" <enter>
> Complete rubbish

< print 'a\0ab\0ac\0ad\0a' <enter>
> a
> b
> c
> d

< print Hello\ you <enter>
> Hello you

< print 'Hello you' <enter>
> Hello you

Strings are very versatile. Even the notation for ²string pointers (double
quotes) is accepted.

You can also use the backquote operator :

< a="Hello there\0a" <enter>
< print a <enter>
> a

< print \(a,%s)\0a <enter>
> Hello there

Strings (like string pointers) also support the special integer quoting
feature :

< a=1 <enter>
< print 'Testing \(a) \(2,%03ld) \(11+11+11,%04lx) \(65,%lc) !\0a' <enter>
> Testing 1 002 0021 A !

< print 'First string : \("Second string",%6.6s).\0a' <enter>
> First string : Second.


=============================== Registers ====================================

If you are debugging a program (see the 'Debug' tutorial file for more
information) you can also ask the contents of a register with the '@'
operator. The following registers are possible : @d0..@d7, @a0..@a6, @sp,
@sr and @pc (@a7 is equal to @sp). You can also assign to these registers.


========================== Some useful functions =============================

You can make ²²conditional expressions using the 'if' function. Here is an
example :

< a=2 <enter>
< disp if(a==2,1000+5,2000) <enter>
> 000003ED , 1005

A very complex example :

< disp if(a==3,{disp 3*3;void 1},if(a==2,{disp 2*2;void 1},0))
> 00000004 , 4
> 00000001 , 1

This completely useless command computes the square of the variable 'a',
but only if 'a' is equal to 2 or to 3. It also prints the value 1 if 'a'
is equal to 2 or to 3, and 0 if it isn't.

I think some detailed explanation can be useful here :-)

   The 'disp' command takes it's first argument and prints it.
   This argument is equal to :

      if(a==3,{disp 3*3;void 1},if(a==2,{disp 2*2;void 1},0))

   The first thing that is evaluated is the 'if' function. The 'if' function
   has three arguments :

      one number :
         a==3

      and two other expressions :
         {disp 3*3;void 1}
         if(a==2,{disp 2*2;void 1},0)

   If 'a' is equal to 3 the first string is taken and evaluated.

      This results in evaluation of the following expression :

         {disp 3*3;void 1}

      This is a ²group expression (see the ²group operator). The group operator
      executes all the commands in it and returns as a result the result
      from the last executed command. This results in the execution of :

         disp 3*3

      and

         void 1

      So 9 is printed on the screen and 1 is returned as a result from
      the group operator (the 'void' command simply evaluates all it's
      arguments).

      So the result of the first 'if' function is 1 (but 9 is already
      printed). This result is printed. So you have 9 and 1 as output.

      ! End evaluation !

   If 'a' is not equal to 3 the second string is taken and evaluated.

      This results in evaluation of the following string :

         if(a==2,{disp 2*2;void 1},0)

      This is again an 'if' expression and is evaluated analogous.

If you happen to have an ¹expression in a string (this could be a string typed
in by the user) you can evaluate it using the 'eval' function :

Ask for input ('scan' returns a pointer to a string. We can also find this
pointer in the predefined constant 'input') :

< scan <enter>

Type an expression :

????< 10+5 <enter>

See if the string is really correct :

< print \(input,%s)\0a <enter>
> 10+5

Evaluate it :

< disp eval(input) <enter>
> 0000000F , 15

or you can of course type :

< disp eval("10+5") <enter>
> 0000000F , 15